Association between Maternal and Toddler Appetitive Traits in a Mexican Population.

The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire for toddlers (CEBQ-T-Mex) and the Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (AEBQ-Esp) measure appetitive traits (ATs) in children and adults, respectively, both validated for use in Spanish. ATs are inherited variations in appetite, present from birth, that are reasonably stable throughout childhood and can explain why some infants over- or undereat in response to environmental exposures. "Food approach" traits predispose to overweight while "food avoidance" traits provide protection, but little is known about the relationships between parents' and their toddler's ATs. The aim was to examine the associations between maternal and toddler appetitive traits, using the AEBQ-Esp and CEBQ-T-Mex, and to examine the associations between ATs and Body Mass Index z-scores (BMIz). Sociodemographic data and the weights and heights of mothers and toddlers (aged 12-36 months) were collected from a teaching hospital in Guadalajara, Mexico. Mothers completed both the AEBQ-Esp and the CEBQ-T-Mex. Direct correlations were found between the ATs of toddlers and their mother (p < 0.005), except for "Slowness in Eating" (SE), and only an inverse correlation was found between the "Satiety Responsiveness" (SR) of toddlers and their BMIz (r = -0.147; p = 0.007). These results suggest that ATs could potentially run in families. These may be useful targets for family-wide interventions to support the development and maintenance of healthy eating behaviours in childhood.

Intergenerational transmission of appetite: Associations between mother-child dyads in a Mexican population.

The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) and the Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (AEBQ) measure 'food approach' [Food responsiveness (FR); Emotional overeating (EOE); Enjoyment of food (EF); Desire to Drink] and 'food avoidant' [Satiety responsiveness (SR); Emotional undereating (EUE); Food fussiness (FF); Slowness in eating (SE)] appetitive traits (ATs) in children and adults, respectively. 'Food approach' traits predispose to overweight while 'food avoidance' traits provide protection, but little is known about the relationships between parents' and their offspring's ATs. The aim was to examine the associations between maternal and child appetitive traits, using the AEBQ-Esp and CEBQ-Mex adapted for use in Mexican populations. Sociodemographic data, weights and heights of mothers and their children (aged 3-13 years), who were recruited from a teaching hospital in Guadalajara, Mexico, were measured. Mothers completed both the AEBQ-Esp and the CEBQ-Mex. The CEBQ-Mex was developed, and its reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha and Omega, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to assess its validity. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to assess associations between mothers' and children's Ats. The sample included 842 mother-child dyads (mother's mean age = 34.8±SD6.9 years, BMI 29.7±6.1 kg/m2; children's mean age = 8.5 ±SD2.5 years, BMIz 1.5±1.6). Internal reliability was moderate to high [Cronbach alpha = .68-.86; Omega = .71-.87] for the CEBQ-Mex and validity was confirmed for an 8-factor model through CFA [RMSEA = 0.065; CFI = 0.840, NFI = 0.805; IFI = 0.842; and χ2(df = 532) = 2939.51, p < 0.001]. All but one of the children's appetitive traits showed small to moderate, significant correlations with their mother's counterpart [FR (r = .22; p<001); EOE (r = .30; p < .001); EF (r = .15; < .001); SR (r = .16; p < .001); EUE (r = .34; p < .001) and FF (r = .14; p < .001). Only SE was not significantly associated with maternal SE (r = .01; p>.05). ATs tend to run in families, signalling the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviours. These may be useful targets for family-wide interventions to support the development and maintenance of healthy eating behaviours in childhood.

Validity and Reliability of the Baby and Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Toddler Version (BEBQ-Mex and CEBQ-T-Mex) in a Low Sociodemographic Sample Recruited in a Mexican Hospital.

The objective of this study was to validate and measure the internal reliability of the Baby and Child Eating Behavior Questionnaires for Toddlers (BEBQ-Mex and CEBQ-T-Mex), that evaluate appetitive trait (ATs). Mothers recruited from a public hospital in Guadalajara, Mexico, completed the BEBQ-Mex or CEBQ-T-Mex along with information on sociodemographic characteristics. Internal reliability of the BEBQ-Mex was sufficient for Food Responsiveness (FR) (Cronbach α = 0.82), while Enjoyment of Food (EF) and Satiety Responsiveness (SR) showed poor reliability (α = 0.56) and Slowness in Eating (SE) had unacceptable reliability (a = 0.36). All reliability values for the CEBQ-T-Mex were acceptable (>0.70), except for SE (α = 0.64). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed an adequate model fit for the BEBQ-Mex, except the SE subscale. CFA for the CEBQ-T-Mex confirmed the six-factor structure. Mothers of a low sociodemographic background were unable to recognize their infants' ATs; the BEBQ-Mex partly met the criteria for validity and reliability. Mothers from similar sociodemographic characteristics were more able to recognize the ATs of their toddlers than their infants; the CEBQ-T-Mex was found to be a valid and reliable tool. Findings support the need to help mothers' ability to recognize their infants' ATs, which have been previously associated with weight and growth.

[Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated factors in children and adolescents with obesity]. / Prevalencia de síndrome metabólico y factores asociados en niños y adolescentes con obesidad.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in Mexico are high, as well as the complications associated with their presence. The objective of this work was to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents attending a Hospital Clinic and identify the associated factors. METHODS: Cross sectional design with 120 children and adolescents; of either sex, with exogenous obesity and BMI > 2.0 standard deviations. Personal and family history was collected, blood pressure was measured and determination of serum glucose, insulin, lipoprotein HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were performed. The presence of metabolic syndrome with the ATPIII, WHO and International Diabetes Federation criteria was identified. The association of metabolic syndrome with different variables was identified with chi square test and calculation of odds ratio. RESULTS: Mean age was 10.6 ± 2.7 years. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 37.5% to 54.5% depending on the criteria used. The presence of metabolic syndrome was associated with a history of large birth weight (OR= 2.21 [1.01-4.82]), and insulin resistance (OR= 6.53 [2.40-18.2]). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is high in this group of children and adolescents with obesity. The history of large birth weight and the presence of insulin resistance should alert us to the presence of the disease.

Introducción: la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad es elevada en niños y adolescentes en nuestro país, así como las alteraciones asociadas a su presencia. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estimar la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en niños y adolescentes con obesidad que acudieron a una clínica hospitalaria e identificar factores asociados a su presencia. Métodos: diseño transversal con 120 niños y adolescentes, de cualquier sexo, con obesidad exógena e IMC > 2.0 desviaciones estándar. Se recolectaron antecedentes personales y familiares; se midió la presión arterial y se realizaron determinaciones de los niveles séricos de glucosa, insulina, lipoproteínas de colesterol de alta densidad y triglicéridos. Se identificó la presencia de síndrome metabólico con los criterios ATPIII, OMS y de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes. Se identificó la asociación del síndrome metabólico con diferentes variables con la prueba Chi cuadrada y cálculo de razón de momios. Resultados: la edad promedio fue de 10.6 ± 2.7 años. La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico fue de 37.5 a 54.5%, dependiendo del criterio utilizado; se asoció al antecedente de peso grande al nacimiento (RM = 2.21 [1.01-4.82]) y resistencia a la insulina (RM = 6.53 [2.40-18.2]). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico es elevada en este grupo de niños y adolescentes con obesidad. El antecedente de peso grande al nacer y la presencia de resistencia a la insulina nos deben alertar sobre la presencia de la enfermedad.

Circunferencia de cintura y su asociación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes con obesidad / Waist circumference and association with cardiovascular risk factors in obese children and adolescents

Introducción. Se ha demostrado que algunos indicadores indirectos de adiposidad, como el índice de masa corporal, se asocian con alteraciones metabólicas que incluyen los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la asociación de los valores del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y circunferencia de cintura (CC) con factores de riesgo cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes con obesidad. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en 115 niños y adolescentes con obesidad (IMC > + 2.0 DE). Se determinaron los valores de peso, talla y circunferencia de cintura. Se midió la presión arterial (PA) y las concentraciones séricas del perfil de lípidos, glucosa e insulina. Se calculó el índice HOMA-IR. Se identificó la correlación entre IMC y CC con parámetros bioquímicos y PA. Se realizaron modelos multivariados para evaluar la asociación de IMC y CC con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados. La edad promedio fue de 9.75 ± 3.1 años. Se identificó una correlación positiva y significativa de IMC y CC con PA, insulina y HOMA-IR. En modelos multivariados, tanto IMC como CC mostraron asociación con PA y alteraciones metabólicas. Conclusiones. En niños y adolescentes con obesidad, tanto la CC como el IMC se asocian con las alteraciones de la PA, insulina y HOMA-IR.

Background. It has been demonstrated that indirect indicators of adiposity such as body mass index are associated with metabolic disorders including cardiovascular risk factors. The objective was to evaluate the association of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with cardiovascular risk factors in obese children and adolescents. Methods. Cross-sectional study in 115 obese children and adolescents (BMI >+ 2.0 SD). Weight, height and waist circumference were measured. Blood pressure (BP), serum lipid profile, glucose and insulin were determined and HOMA-IR index was calculated. The correlation between BMI and WC with biochemical parameters and BP was identified; multivariate models were performed to evaluate the association of BMI and WC with cardiovascular risk factors. Results. Mean age was 9.75 ± 3.1 years. A significant positive correlation of BMI and WC with BP, insulin and HOMA-IR was identified. In multivariate models, both BMI and WC showed an association with these alterations. Conclusions. In obese children and adolescents, both the WC and BMI are associated with alterations in BP, insulin and HOMA-IR.